Learn Chemistry with Prof. Kiran Patil

🔘 Basic Term 🔘  1 ) System - Part of the universe under investigation. 2 )Open system - A system which can exchange both energy and matter with its surroundings 3 )Close system   -A system which permits passage of energy but not mass, across its boundary. 4 ) Isolated system- A system which can neither exchange energy nor matter with its surrounding. 5 ) Surroundings- Part of the universe other than system, which can Irriversible it. 6 ) Boundary- Anything which separates system from surrounding. 7 ) State variables- The variables which are required to be defined in order to define state of any system i.e. pressure, volume, mass, temperature, surface area, etc. 8) State Functions- Property of system which depend only on the state of the system and not on the path. Example: Pressure, volume, temperature, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy etc. 9) Intensive properties- Properties of a system which do not depend on mass of the system i.e. temperature, pressure, density, concent...

Chemical bond:-   Chemical bond is the attractive force which holds various constituents together in a molecule. There are three types of chemical bonds: Ionic Bond, Covalent Bond, Co-ordinate Bond. Octet Rule:  Atoms form chemical bonds in order to complete their octet i.e. eight electrons in their valence shell. Lewis Structures: Pair of bonded electrons is by means of a ‘dash’ (-) usually called a ‘bond’. Lone pairs or ‘non-bonded’ electrons are represented by ‘dots’. Electrons present in the last shell of atoms are called valence electrons. Exceptions to the Octet Rule: Species with odd number of electrons: NO, NO2, Incomplete octet for the central atom:  LiCl, BeH2 and BCl3 Expanded octet for the central atom: PF5, SF6 and H2SO4 Formal Charge: Formal charge is the difference between the number of valence electrons in an isolated atom and number of electrons assigned to that atoms in Lewis structure. Formal charge = [Total number of valence electrons in the free ...

 Diseases Caused by Bacteria/Virus/Protozoa. 🔘🔘🔘🔘🔘🔘🔘🔘🔘🔘🔘🔘🔘🔘🔘 📕Diseases caused by Bacteria ‌🍀Cholera – Vibrio choleraei 💈Anthrax– Bacillus anthracise 💈Diphtheria – Corynebacterium diphtheriae 📫Leprosy – Mycobacterium leprae 📮Botulism – Clostridium botulinum 📭Syphilis – Treponema pallidum 🍀Tetanus – Clostridium tetani 🎁Trachoma – Chlamydia trachomatis 🌹Tuberculosis –  Mycobacterium tuberculosis 🍀Typhoid fever – Salmonella typhi. 🌱Whooping cough– Bordetella pertussis 📕Diseases caused by Virus 📫AIDS – Human Immunodeficiency Virus(HIV) 📮Influenza – Influenza virus 📭Mumps- Mumps Virus 🌴Polio – Polio Virus 🌱Chicken Pox – Varicella zoster virus 🍀Small Pox – It is caused by either of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor. 🌴Measles- Measles Virus 🍀Dengue fever – Dengue Virus 📭Chikungunya  – Chikungunya virus. 📫Rabies – Rabies virus 📕Diseases caused by Fungi 📭Athlete’s foot –  caused by the mold known as Epidermophyton flocc...

 🔘Some important element facts🔘 Until total discovered elements - 112 Elements existing in nature - 88 Artificially (man made) produced elements - 24 Number of metallic elements - 90 Number of non-metallic elements - 22 The element to be found most abundantly on the earth's surface - Oxygen  The metallic element to be found most abundantly on the Earth's surface - Aluminium. The lightest element to be found in the nature. - Hydrogen The heaviest element to be found in the nature. - Osmium The lightest metallic element to be found in the nature. - Lethium The lightest non-metallic element to be found in the nature - Hydrogen The liquid metallic element to be found in the nature - Mercury The liquid non-metallic element to be found in the nature. - Bromine The non-metal which is the best conductor of electricity - Graphite (an allotrop of carbon) The metal which is the best conductor of the electricity – Silver. The metal which is the second best conductor of the electricity- ...

  Postulates of kinetic theory of gases  1 ) A gas consists of large number of tiny particles called molecules.. 2) Volume occupied by gas molecules, is negligible as compared to the total volume of gas. 3) There is continuous rapid random motion of gas molecules. The molecules collide with each other and against walls of container. 4) The molecules are perfectly elastic bodies and there is no loss of kinetic energy during collisions. 5)  There are no attractive forces between the molecules of gas.  6 )  The pressure exerted by a gas is due to bombardment of gas molecules against the walls of the container. 6)  The different molecules possess different velocities and hence different energies. The average K.E. is directly proportional to absolute temperature.

Major Role of Plants  Nutrients ... Various elements perform the following major role in the plants: (1) Construction of the plant body: The elements particularly C, H and O construct the plant body by entering into the constitution of cell wall and protoplasm. They are, therefore, referred to as frame work elements. Besides, these (C, H and O) N, P and S also enter in the constitution of protoplasm. They are described as protoplasmic elements. (2) Maintenance of osmotic pressure: Various minerals present in the cell sap in organic or inorganic form maintain the osmotic pressure of the cell. (3) Maintenance of permeability of cytomembranes: The minerals, particularly Ca++, K+ and Na+ maintain the permeability of cytomembranes. (4) Influence the pH of the cell sap: Different cations and anions influence on the pH of the cell sap. (5) Catalysis of biochemical reaction: Several elements particularly Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cl act as metallic catalyst in biochemical reactions. (6) Toxi...

  Stratospherical Pollution:  (ozone layer & its depletion): Role of Ozone Layer: protecting earth from the UV radiation coming from the sun. Depletion of Ozone Layer : The equilibrium between formation & destruction of ozone has been upset by influx of several substances into the atmosphere which react with ozone to destroy it. Effect of Depletion of Ozone layer:  The influx of UV radiation reaching the surface of earth would increase which would increase in risk to skin cancer due to exposure to UV radiation, UV radiations also tend to damage the immune system.   Acid Rain: SO2, nitrogen oxides & acidic soots. Sulphurdioxide & nitrogen dioxide interact with water vapours in presence of sunlight to form sulphuric acid & nitric acid units.  Green House Effect & Global Warming: The green house gases (CO2, CH4, O3, CFC’S ) in the atmosphere form a thick cover around the earth. About 75% of the solar energy reaching the earth is absorbe...

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