A buffer solution is a solution that resists changes in pH when small amounts of acid or base are added to it. It is a mixture of a weak acid and its conjugate base, or a weak base and its conjugate acid. Buffer solutions are used in a variety of applications, including: * Chemical reactions: Buffer solutions are used to maintain a constant pH during chemical reactions. * Biological systems: Buffer solutions are used to maintain the pH of blood and other bodily fluids. * Industrial processes: Buffer solutions are used in a variety of industrial processes, such as food production and wastewater treatment. Here are some examples of buffer solutions: * A mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate * A mixture of ammonium chloride and ammonia * A mixture of citric acid and sodium citrate The pH of a buffer solution can be calculated using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation: pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA]) where: * pKa is the negative logarithm of the ...
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